峡石记弹琴,泠泠流水音;不知行路者,谁有听琴心。——明· 杨士奇
从北京城区去延庆,需要沿一条沟翻过军都山,山南是北京湾平原,山北是怀来-延庆盆地,海拔高差约有四五百米。这条山沟就叫关沟,人们常把它作为太行山与燕山的界线,实际上关沟两侧的岩石并无差异,实非界线。关沟之所以受重视,因为它是太行八陉之一,称为军都陉,也是古代重要的军事要道,从北往南,八达岭、水关、上关、居庸关、南口,层层关卡,都设在这条沟里,拱卫京城。
以前来往延庆,我常走G6高速,即八达岭高速,从没有想过下到沟里看看,高速上有几个隧道令我印象深刻,其中的一个名字非常好听,叫弹琴峡。也许这是北京所有峡谷里名字最美的吧,每次经过这里,总想起六指琴魔的电影,耳边总是忽地飘进古琴声。一开始我以为“弹琴峡”名字是后人取的,后来我才知道它是古代关沟上的著名一景,于是决定到沟里走一趟,看看它到底长什么样。
我们分两次执行了关沟计划,第一次从南口村到居庸关,第二次则从居庸关向北到水关。沿途,我们欣赏了关沟大神树——一棵种植于唐代的白果树、寻觅到了上关城的城墙遗址、瞻仰了隐秘的三世佛摩崖石刻后,来到沟中一块巨大的仙枕石中餐,据说穆桂英曾在这里点将。小憩一会后,向北就进入了重要的节点——三堡村。路越走越窄,直到一处最险要、狭窄处,我猜这就是弹琴峡了。峡谷两侧山石陡峻,都是侏罗纪时期的花岗岩,因岩石坚固不易风化,古人在此留下了不少摩崖石刻。峡谷一侧陡直的半山腰上,竟然建了个小庙。
100多年前,詹天佑设计的京张铁路来过这里,因峡谷崎岖,但铁路必须直行,就在花岗岩的山体里人力凿出隧道,取名五桂头山洞,这也是詹天佑初显身手的第一座隧道。隧道也称五贵头或五鬼头,传燕王扫北,杀功臣霍氏五兄弟并把人头悬于此处而得名。隧道不长,仅40多米,但很窄,很难想象当时的火车竟能通过。
建设中的弹琴峡隧道
建成之初的五桂头山洞(清末摄影师谭锦棠先生摄)
隧道的南口不远处有一石阶,往上可见崖壁上凿有一尊高浮雕佛像,被指为杨五郎像。出隧道北口,就可以看到一桥飞架,那是G6高速,汽车们呼啸而过,一片繁忙与嘈杂。山坡上一尊浅浮雕弥勒,面向弹琴峡,在此乐呵呵地听了几百年的琴声后,不得不与轮胎摩擦地面的声音日夜相伴。
古代关沟沿途共有七十二景,为什么弹琴峡附近的景点那么密集。我想一定是此处风景最为宜人吧。纳兰性德路过弹琴峡时,就做题壁诗《清平乐》。但弹琴峡之美名因何而来?直到我查阅到了100多年前苏格兰摄影师及旅行家John Thomson拍摄的弹琴峡的老照片,我才明白为什么这里为何它叫弹琴峡。在《Illustrations of China and Its People, Vol. 4》(1873-1874)一书里,作者这么描述当时的关沟:
the Nankow Pass
We enter the Nankow Pass at about thirty miles distance from Peking. This pass is a bold, rocky defile, separating China proper from the lands of the barbarians beyond. I visited the place, and the Great Wall also, in the company of Mr. Wylie, a gentleman who, some years ago, brought to light the remarkable Buddhist inscription found in the arch at Kew-Yung-Kwan. There is a small hamlet at the Chinese end of the pass. It is here that we see the first spur of the Great Wall, or rather an inner wall or fortress which, in ancient times, would form the final barrier to the invading hordes. When we enter the defile, we are struck with its rugged and picturesque appearance, and with the absence of any road save the little that remains of the old Mongol causeway, which must have been a splendid work in its time. But its time has long past, and the ordinary trade route now-a-days lies along what looks like the bed of a stream, and over boulders into which steps have either been cut or worn. There are, however, some few parts of the ancient road which are still in comparatively good order. Here we find blocks of porphyry, marble of various colors, and granite polished with the traffic of generations long gone by. As we penetrate the pass, limestone rocks crop out on every side; but it is not till we are within four miles of the Great Wall that we come upon the scene presented to the reader in No. 55. At this point the pass narrows down considerably, and makes a sharp bend. On a rocky peak to the left rises a picturesque little edifice, dedicated to Kwei-Sing, the god of literature; on the opposite side of the ravine Is a small two-storied temple, approached by a steep staircase cut into the face of the rock. The lower story is consecrated to Kwan-te, the god of war, and the upper one is called the cave of Kwan-yin, the goddess of mercy. Inscriptions in Chinese, Tibetan, and Sanscrit characters are cut on the surface of the rock below. One would imagine that the defile was all but impassable in some places which I have not pictured. Vain delusion! There is a constant traffic at the very worst parts. We look at them, and nothing whatever is to be seen save huge angular rocks jutting out of cairns, and patches of sand. We look again, and in a moment the scene is alive with donkey-men and muleteers who, leaping from rock to rock as they guide their sure-footed beasts through clefts and out of pit-falls, disappear at last among the stones; and so the traffic goes on from year to year, and no attempt is made to improve the route, or to help the weary trader on his journey.(……当我们进入山口时,到处都是石灰岩;但直到我们离长城不到四英里时,我们才看到了第55号照片里的场景。在这个地方,山口明显变窄,并出现了一个急转弯。在左边的岩石山峰上,有一座风景如画的小楼,供奉着主宰文运的魁星;在峡谷的对面,有一座两层的小庙,可通过凿在岩壁上的陡峭台阶到达。下层供奉的是战神关公,上层被称为观音洞,观音是位慈悲的女神。下面的岩石表面上刻有中文、藏文和梵文的字样。人们可以想象,还有一些我没有拍摄到的地方,那里几乎是无法通行的。妄想是徒劳的!即使在最糟糕的地方,交通也不会断掉。我们看了看,除了巨大的棱角分明的岩石和成片的沙子外,什么也看不到。转眼间,现场就出现了驴夫和骡夫,他们在岩石间跳跃,引导他们的牲畜穿过峡谷,最后消失在岩石中;这样的交通年复一年地进行着,没有人试图改善路线,也没有人帮助旅途中疲惫的商人。)
让我们再回顾下当时的场景,摄影师从北面塞外入关,一进入天下九塞之一的八达岭,便被关沟崎岖不平、风景如画的景色所震撼,特别是到了弹琴峡时,他更是感慨万千,于是拍下了一张骡夫和峡谷的照片。当时的峡谷里,也许因为经常发洪水,没有一棵树,远处的层峦叠嶂,因此一览无余。两山夹峙,左为魁星阁,右为关帝庙。山上所有的溪水都汇聚到沟里,款款而来,甚至可以看到它波光粼粼,向低处流动的样子。画面里,溪水一开始从右而来,遇到左侧山石的阻挡,只能掉头向右,没走多远,又遇到了峡谷另一侧的山石,只能再次掉头。就在这一段窄窄的地方,溪水蜿蜒,来回两次180度的拐弯,叮咚的水声,在此处汇聚,仿佛悠扬的琴声,回荡于山谷间。
水流石转,淙淙有声,空谷传音,声若弹琴。弹琴峡之名想必由此而来。
历经百年,峡谷几经改造,变化太多太大。一路修了公路、铁路和高速,建了防洪的蓄水池,峡谷不像以前那么狭窄了,也不像以前那么光秃秃,到处是绿树。东坡的魁星阁,建京张铁路时被拆除,已不留半点踪迹。不过,西坡上的关帝庙和观音阁,现已复建,为了减少庙下方的摩崖石刻风化,近些年还搭建了遮阳棚。
若不是摄影师当时拍下了珍贵的照片,记录了当时生动的场景,我恐怕很难想象,也不敢确认照片上的地方,就是现在的峡谷。
沟里的路在变,沟里的植被也在变,沟里的古迹,在人们的保护下,努力延缓沧桑。我们能与古人共同欣赏的东西,除了古迹,恐怕就剩下这里的溪水了。虽时隔千百年,风继续吹在这里,雨继续下在这里,山沟的水,依然要流过这里。只不过,琴声已被掩盖,不知道夜深人静之时,是否还能听到它的弹唱。
万物皆流,不过,幸运的是,面对千变万化的世界,人类追求永恒,并发明了文字。100多年前摄影师的记录依然历历在目。我想,“弹琴峡”最不变的,便是“弹琴峡”这三个字,只要有人类在,它将永驻人间。
空错 2021.7.28
“我希望,大家无论通过什么方法,都能挣到足够的钱,去旅行,去闲着,去思考世界的过去和未来,去看书做梦,去街角闲逛,让思绪的钓线深深沉入街流之中。”
~~~伍尔夫
Sunday August 1;
轻描着淡写着,却打动着想像着,算是偶然么;
用力,往往觉着重要,所以倾力,却又往往着相,你不是你,你又是你,你不是理;
闻见 秋 的气息了,性子急的枫叶在转黄红,天也似乎再高些,云呢,画笔寥寥挥了几挥,漫不经心地,就好看到不行;
清淡好?还是泼墨好?
食无定味,珍于适口。
又是一桩偶然!一笑。